Cross-cultural Adaptation and Translation of the central Kurdish Version of Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE)

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Patient-reported outcome measures are important for assessing satisfaction and function after rhinoplasty. However, no validated Kurdish version of the Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) questionnaire exists. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Kurdish ROE. Methods: This methodological validation study was conducted between January and December 2024 in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. The ROE was translated using standardized forward–backward procedures and expert committee review. Sixty adult patients undergoing primary rhinoplasty completed the Kurdish ROE preoperatively and postoperatively. Construct validity and responsiveness were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach’s alpha and corrected item–total correlations. Test–retest reliability was analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Content validity was assessed using Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). Results: The mean age of participants was 27.60 ± 5.51 years; 51.7% were female. The total ROE score improved significantly from 10.63 ± 2.96 preoperatively to 20.50 ± 3.15 postoperatively (p ≤ 0.001). All six items showed statistically significant improvement (p ≤ 0.001). Cronbach’s alpha exceeded 0.70, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. Corrected item–total correlations ranged from 0.279 to 0.658. Test–retest reliability was excellent (overall ICC = 0.85, p ≤ 0.001). CVR (0.82–0.90) and CVI (0.90–0.95) values confirmed strong content validity.

Conclusion: The Kurdish ROE demonstrated satisfactory validity, reliability, and responsiveness, with strong internal consistency and excellent test–retest reliability. It is a suitable tool for assessing rhinoplasty outcomes in Kurdish-speaking patients in clinical and research settings.