Technical Model for Energy Transition in Small Vessels: Hydrogen and Gas Technologies

Abstract

The maritime and fluvial transport sectors are pivotal in achieving sustainable energy transitions, particularly for small vessels [1]. This study presents a comprehensive technical model focused on the integration of hydrogen and gas technologies tailored for small boat applications. Through an extensive technology review [2], scientific monitoring, and technical diagnostics, the model aims to facilitate the adoption of low-emission propulsion systems. Key technologies analyzed include Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells (e.g., [4] FCwave 200 kW), dual hydrogen-diesel engines (DF series) [5], high-pressure hydrogen storage (700 bar systems), and cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage. Additionally, methane reforming for onboard hydrogen generation is considered. The research integrates up-to-date international standards ([2], ISO 20519:2017) and aligns with the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s 2023 GHG strategy [1], ensuring compliance and safety in hydrogen handling and storage. Safety protocols emphasize the importance of certified containment materials, hydrogen leak detection via electrochemical sensors, explosion-proof electrical equipment, and rigorous ventilation systems. Hydrogen leak detection is based on ISO 26142 standards for hydrogen detection apparatus [3]. Environmental impact assessments highlight hydrogen’s potential to significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, emitting only water vapor during operation. However, potential atmospheric effects from hydrogen leaks require ongoing monitoring and mitigation strategies. A visual summary of the proposed technical framework is presented in Figure 1. This model serves as a foundational framework for stakeholders seeking to advance sustainable marine propulsion, supporting the development of regulatory frameworks and best practices for small vessel energy transition..