Design and Development of a Dual-Mode Mobile Augmented Reality Learning System for 3D Modeling Education

Abstract

3D modeling education requires learners to coordinate complex software operations, multi-step procedures, and spatial understanding, yet conventional instruction may not adequately support both guided skill acquisition and independent exploration. This study designed and iteratively refined GEM, a dual-mode mobile augmented reality learning system that integrates these forms of support. Using Design and Development Research organized through the ADDIE model, a needs analysis of 58 Digital Media Technology students informed system requirements. Graduated Difficulty Learning Strategy and Exploratory Learning Strategy were operationalized as the GEM-AR-GRAD and GEM-AR-EXPLOR modes. The system was evaluated by four experts, tested on five Android devices, and formatively tested with eight target students. Core functions operated successfully, experts provided generally positive evaluations, and the median student-level mean score was 4.46. Feedback from experts and students informed two rounds of refinement. The study provides a design-based example of integrating graduated guidance and exploratory support as distinct learning modes within a shared mobile AR task architecture, offering practical guidance for the design and formative refinement of AR-supported 3D modeling education.