Multidimensional Determinants of Combat Readiness in Indonesian Infantry Territory Battalion (Yonif TP)

Abstract

This study investigates the multidimensional determinants of combat readiness in the Indonesian Army Infantry Territory Battalion (Yonif TP) using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Drawing on the DOTMLPF-P framework (Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership & Education, Personnel, Facilities, and Policy), a comprehensive survey instrument of 45 items was administered to 11,204 active-duty personnel across all ranks (Tamtama, Bintara, Pama, and Pamen) and operational theaters (mountainous/Papua, Kalimantan and lowland/Sumatra). A Strategic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to establish the theoretical framework. The measurement model demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α: 0.809–0.909; Composite Reliability: 0.800–0.908) and convergent validity (AVE: 0.444–0.663). Discriminant validity was confirmed through the HTMT criterion (all values < 0.90). The structural model revealed that all eight dimensions exert significant positive effects on overall combat readiness (β: 0.881–0.934; p < 0.001), with Training (β = 0.934), Human Resources & Personnel (β = 0.933), Materiel & Weapons Systems (β = 0.915), and Organization (β = 0.913) emerging as the strongest predictors. The model explains 82.7% of the variance in combat readiness (R² = 0.827). Bootstrapping with 5,000 subsamples confirmed the stability and significance of all path coefficients. Findings highlight a critical hierarchical perception gap: enlisted personnel (Tamtama) consistently report higher readiness assessments than mid-level officers (Pamen), suggesting that strategic-level decision-makers possess more comprehensive awareness of readiness deficiencies. These results provide empirical guidance for resource allocation, capability development, and policy prioritization in Indonesian Army force structure planning.