Gender Representation in Indonesian Language Textbooks: A Critical Analysis of Fictional Texts across Junior Secondary Grades

Abstract

Gender representation in educational materials is crucial because fictional texts used in language learning can influence social perceptions and gender roles. While previous research has highlighted gender bias in textbooks, less attention has been paid to fictional texts in Indonesian junior secondary textbooks. This study investigates gender portrayal in ten fictional texts for Grades VII to IX—five from Grade VII, two from Grade VIII, and three from Grade IX. Using a qualitative approach, it analyzes character roles, narrative agency, emotional expression, caregiving, authority, aspirations, and relationships. Results show that males are often linked to action, responsibility, decision-making, achievement, and future goals, while females are primarily associated with caregiving and family. Nonetheless, some flexible patterns emerge: female characters exhibit persistence, competence, courage, knowledge, and authority in education, while male characters can show vulnerability, emotionality, and caregiving. Across the grades, gender depiction varies more in design than in progression toward equality. Overall, gender representation in fictional texts is multidimensional, shaped by characterization, language, social roles, and the allocation of agency, authority, care, and aspirations.