Testing the Adversity Quotient Model in Early Childhood: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Analysis of the Dimensions of Reach, Origin and Ownership, Control, and Endurance

Abstract

A child's ability to respond to and overcome various forms of adversity is a crucial aspect in the development of psychological resilience from an early age. One concept that explains this capacity is Adversity Quotient (AQ), which is an individual's ability to face challenges through four main dimensions: Control, Origin and Ownership, Reach, and Endurance. This study aims to test the structural model of Adversity Quotient in early childhood and identify the contribution of each dimension to shaping the AQ construct. This study used a quantitative approach with a survey design. The sample consisted of 325 children aged 5–7 years from several Early Childhood Education (PAUD) units and was selected through cluster random sampling. Data collection was conducted using behavioral observation instruments structured based on indicators in each AQ dimension. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) procedures to test construct validity and model suitability. The analysis results show that the AQ model, which includes the dimensions of Control, Origin and Ownership, Reach, and Endurance, has a good level of model fit and significantly shapes the Adversity Quotient construct in early childhood. These findings indicate that children's ability to face adversity is multidimensional and therefore requires comprehensive stimulation through early learning and social experiences.