A Study of Structure And Quality of Sleep on Control and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Cross Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health concern linked to significant complications. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is increasingly recognized for its impact on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk in T2DM patients. This study explores the effects of sleep disturbances, particularly OSA, on glycemic control and their association with sociodemographic factors.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 participants diagnosed with T2DM. Data on demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters such as BMI, blood pressure, FBS, HbA1c, and lipid profile were collected. Sleep quality was assessed using standardized questionnaires, and patients with suspected OSA underwent portable polysomnography for diagnosis using the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI).

Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of OSA among T2DM patients, with 33% having mild OSA and 25% having moderate OSA. Significant associations were found between OSA and factors like BMI, dyslipidemia, excessive daytime sleepiness, HbA1c levels, and diabetic retinopathy. The OSA group had significantly higher fasting blood sugar and HbA1c levels, indicating poorer glycemic control. BMI >25 kg/m², high HbA1c, and excessive daytime sleepiness were strongly associated with OSA (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, OSA was linked to elevated systolic blood pressure (p = 0.03).

Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of OSA in T2DM patients and its significant impact on glycemic control. Routine screening for OSA in T2DM patients, particularly those with higher BMI and poor glycemic control, may improve both sleep apnea and diabetes management, thereby reducing associated cardiovascular and metabolic risks.