The Indian Electoral System: Structure, Challenges, and Reform Trajectories

Abstract

India's electoral system is one of the world's largest and most complex democratic frameworks. This study examines its structure, functioning, and key challenges, focusing on the role of the Election Commission of India (ECI) and the adoption of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs). Using a qualitative approach based on secondary sources, including academic literature, government reports, and policy documents, the study analyzes issues such as political funding, criminalization of politics, voter participation, digital campaigning, and misinformation. The findings show that while EVMs have improved electoral efficiency, concerns regarding transparency and public trust persist. The study further demonstrates that institutional independence, accountability, and public confidence are critical to electoral legitimacy. It concludes that strengthening India's electoral system requires a balanced approach combining institutional reforms, technological reliability, transparency, and greater civic participation to enhance democratic legitimacy and public trust.