A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Smoking Behavior Prevention in Malaysia: The Moderating Role of Risk Awareness

Abstract

Smoking is a global health risk despite tobacco control. Nations' health, social, and economic systems suffer from smoking-related diseases. This study examines the role of social, economic, policy, and psychological factors in preventing smoking behavior and it also examines the moderating role of risk awareness. Social Cognitive Theory and the Health Belief Model underpin the study's smoking prevention behavior. Using a purposive sample, a total of 219 Malaysians adults completed a structured online questionnaire. The findings showed that social, economic, policy and psychological factors contribute positively to the prevention of smoking behavior. Risk awareness moderated positively the effect of economic; policy and psychological factors on smoking behavior prevention. To quit smoking, risk-aware people respond better to economic deterrents, tobacco control policies, and psychological coping mechanisms. The findings suggest smoking prevention requires economic policies, regulatory initiatives, psychological assistance, awareness campaigns, and community-based activities.