Modeling the Relationship between Sexual Harassment, Cyberbullying, and Preventive Actions Among College Students: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Abstract

This study examined how sexual harassment, cyberbullying, and preventive actions are related among college students at Laguna State Polytechnic University. Guided by Social Learning Theory, the study expected that preventive actions would reduce experiences of harassment and cyberbullying. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 500 qualified respondents using validated questionnaires. Sexual harassment was measured in three forms: verbal, non-verbal, and physical, along with cyberbullying and corresponding preventive actions. The data were analysed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results showed generally low levels of reported harassment, with verbal harassment being the most common and physical harassment the least. Preventive actions were reported at moderate levels. The measurement and structural models showed strong statistical fit. However, contrary to expectations, preventive actions were slightly and positively related to verbal harassment, non-verbal harassment, and cyberbullying, while no significant relationship was found with physical harassment. These findings suggest that preventive actions may reflect increased awareness and reporting rather than an immediate reduction in harassment experiences. Although statistically significant, the effects were small.