Mathematical Thinking and Self-Concepts of Elementary School Students in Geometry Through 4C-Based Problem-Based Learning

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of 21st-century skills-based Problem-Based Learning (4C: critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication) in developing mathematical thinking and mathematics self-concept in elementary school students on flat shape material. The method used is research design which includes three stages: preparing for the experiment, designing the experiment (pilot and teaching experiment), and retrospective analysis. The research was conducted in three different school contexts, namely MIN 1 Bireuen, SDN 3, and SDIT Peusangan, involving an experimental class that received 4C-based PBL and a control class that received PBL learning without 4C. Data were collected through observation, interviews, video recordings, mathematical thinking tests, and self-concept questionnaires, then analyzed qualitatively and descriptively quantitatively. The results showed that 4C-based PBL had a consistent positive impact on both variables. The most significant improvement occurred in representation, pattern identification, generalization, and mathematical argumentation skills, especially in schools with strong classroom management and a culture of discussion (SDIT Peusangan). Students' mathematics self-concept also improved through collaborative experiences, role sharing, and class discussions that enabled students to gain mastery experiences. A comparison between Prototype 1 and Prototype 2 shows that the use of concrete media and more structured scaffolding significantly improves the effectiveness of the learning pathway. Cross-school synthesis confirms that the success of 4C-based PBL is influenced by student readiness, the quality of teacher scaffolding, and a collaborative classroom culture. These findings reinforce the position of 4C-based PBL as a holistic and relevant approach in developing the mathematical and affective competencies of elementary school students.