Effectiveness of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Implementation Among Alternative Learning System (ALS) Implementers in Zamboanga City

Abstract

While the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework is well-established in formal education, its application and effectiveness in non-formal settings such as the Alternative Learning System (ALS) remain understudied, particularly in the Philippine context. Most existing research focuses on classroom teachers, leaving a gap in understanding how ALS implementers—who serve diverse, marginalized, and out-of-school populations—integrate technology into their unique instructional environments. This study investigated the level of TPACK implementation and its effectiveness among 20 ALS implementers in Districts 1 and 2 of Zamboanga City, Philippines, using a descriptive-correlational design and total enumeration sampling. Data were gathered using a validated and reliable adapted questionnaire, analyzed via descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Results revealed that implementers possess “Well-Implemented” to “Very Well-Implemented” levels of TPACK across all components, though Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) was the lowest, indicating challenges in merging technology and instruction. TPACK application was rated “Effective” overall, but learner outcomes showed the weakest performance. Significant differences were found based on educational attainment, years of experience, and type of ALS program implemented, while sex, age, and district showed no significant influence. A strong positive correlation was found between TPACK levels and effectiveness measures. This study fills a critical regional gap by providing empirical evidence on TPACK in non-formal education, confirming that higher TPACK competencies lead to better teaching quality and resource utilization. It highlights the need for targeted professional development to strengthen TPK, improve learner outcomes, and tailor support to the specific needs of ALS programs and implementers.