Integrating Interval Sprint, Plyometric, and ABC Running Drills for Sprint-Speed Development in Physically Disabled (Tuna Daksa) Para-Athletes: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Framework

Abstract

Sprint speed is the principal determinant of para-athletics sprint performance, yet training for physically disabled (tuna daksa) athletes is often adapted ad hoc from programmes designed for non-disabled athletes, and the theoretical basis for integrating multiple speed-training methods in this population remains underdeveloped. This narrative review synthesises evidence on three well-supported speed-training methods interval sprint training, plyometric training, and acceleration balance coordination (ABC) running drills and their mechanistic links to the determinants of sprint speed, and proposes an integrated, disability-specific conceptual framework. Peer-reviewed literature on sprint biomechanics, exercise physiology, para-athletics classification, and each training method was reviewed and organised around the two mechanical determinants of speed (step length and step frequency) and their underlying force, neuromuscular, and coordinative bases. Interval sprint training primarily targets anaerobic capacity and maximal velocity; plyometric training targets the stretch-shortening cycle, rate of force development, and step length; and ABC running drills target coordination, technique, and step frequency. We argue that these methods are complementary rather than redundant, and that their integrated, classification-informed application with dosage and progression adapted to the postural characteristics and functional limitations of tuna daksa athletes provides a coherent basis for speed development. A conceptual framework is presented that links each method to specific determinants and to disability-specific adaptation principles. The framework offers coaches a theoretically grounded structure for programme design and outlines an agenda for controlled, classification-stratified research.