Identification and Classification of Virtual Lab Apps in Science: A Content Analysis Approach

Abstract

Virtual laboratory applications are increasingly emerging as effective alternatives to traditional science labs, especially where physical infrastructure is limited. This study focuses on the identification and classification of virtual lab apps relevant to secondary-level science using a content analysis approach, evaluating selected applications based on criteria such as content coverage, technical feasibility, language, rating, developer, origin country and cost. The findings indicate that while many Apps offer accessible and cost-effective learning opportunities, there are notable differences in quality, usability and pedagogical effectiveness. The study proposes a structured classification framework to support educators, researchers and secondary level students in selecting appropriate tools and highlights the potential of virtual labs to enhance student engagement and conceptual understanding, while also emphasizing the need for further standardization and improvement.